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Did Gatsby Go To Oxford

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Title character of the novel The Great Gatsby

Fictional character

Jay Gatsby
The Neat Gatsby character
Warner Baxter as Jay Gatsby in The Great Gatsby (1926) Retouched Cropped.jpg

Jay Gatsby as portrayed by Warner Baxter in The Cracking Gatsby (1926)
First advent The Not bad Gatsby (1925)
Created past F. Scott Fitzgerald
Based on Max Gerlach[1]
Portrayed by See list
In-universe data
Full name James Gatz (birth proper name)
Alias Jay Gatsby
Gender Male
Occupation
  • Doughboy[a]
  • Yachtsman[b]
  • Bootlegger
Family Henry C. Gatz (begetter)
Significant other Daisy Buchanan
Religion Lutheran[3]
Origin North Dakota[four]
Nationality American

Jay Gatsby (originally named James Gatz) is the titular fictional graphic symbol of F. Scott Fitzgerald's 1925 novel The Great Gatsby. The character is an enigmatic nouveau riche millionaire who lives in a luxurious mansion on Long Isle where he often hosts extravagant parties and who allegedly gained his vast fortune past illicit bootlegging during prohibition in the Usa.[5] Fitzgerald based many details near the fictional character on Max Gerlach,[1] a mysterious neighbor and World War I veteran whom the author met while living in New York City during the raucous Jazz Age.[ane] Similar Gatsby, Gerlach threw lavish parties,[6] never wore the aforementioned shirt twice,[7] used the phrase "sometime sport",[8] claimed to be educated at Oxford University,[9] and fostered myths about himself, including that he was a relation of the German language Kaiser.[10]

The graphic symbol of Jay Gatsby has been analyzed by scholars for many decades and has given ascension to a number of critical interpretations. Scholars have posited that Gatsby functions as a cipher because of his obscure origins, his unclear religio-indigenous identity and his indeterminate class status.[11] Accordingly, Gatsby'due south socio-economical rising is deemed a threat by other characters in the novel non merely due to his condition as nouveau riche, but because he is perceived as a societal outsider.[12] The character's biographical details signal his family unit are recent immigrants which precludes Gatsby from the status of an Onetime Stock American.[xiii] As the embodiment of "latest America",[14] Gatsby's rise triggers condition anxieties typical of the 1920s era, involving xenophobia and anti-immigrant sentiment.[14]

Nigh a century after the novel'due south publication in April 1925, Gatsby has become a cultural touchstone in 20th century America and is often evoked in popular media in the context of the American dream—the belief that every individual, regardless of their origins, may seek and attain their desired goals, "be they political, budgetary, or social. It is the literary expression of the concept of America: The country of opportunity".[15] Gatsby has been described by literary scholars equally a faux prophet of the American dream as pursuing the dream frequently results in dissatisfaction for those who hunt it, owing to its unattainability.[16]

The grapheme has appeared in various media related to the novel, including stage plays, radio shows, video games, and feature films. Canadian-American histrion James Rennie originated the role of Gatsby on the stage when he headlined the 1926 Broadway adaptation of Fitzgerald's novel at the Ambassador Theatre in New York City.[17] He repeated the role for 112 performances.[17] That same year, screen histrion Warner Baxter played the office in the lost 1926 silent film adaptation.[18] During the subsequent decades, the part has been played past many actors including Alan Ladd, Kirk Douglas, Robert Ryan, Robert Redford, Leonardo DiCaprio, and others.

Character biography [edit]

Built-in circa 1890[c] to impoverished Lutheran farmers in rural Due north Dakota,[4] [21] James Gatz was a poor Midwesterner who briefly attended St. Olaf's,[d] a small Lutheran higher in southern Minnesota.[22] He dropped out after two weeks as he disliked supporting himself past working as a lowly janitor.[23]

In 1907, a 17-twelvemonth-sometime Gatz traveled to Lake Superior,[20] where he met copper tycoon Dan Cody whose yacht Tuolomee [e] was anchored in Lilliputian Girl Bay.[24] Introducing himself equally Jay Gatsby,[25] the ragged swain saved Cody'due south yacht from destruction by warning him of weather hazards.[20] In gratitude, Cody invited him to join his yachting trip.[19] Now known as Gatsby, he served as Cody'southward protégé over the next five years and voyaged around the earth.[26] When Cody died in 1912, he left Gatsby $25,000 in his volition (equivalent to $701,983 in 2021), simply Cody's mistress Ella Kaye cheated Gatsby out of the inheritance.[27]

In 1917, after the U.s.a.' entrance into World State of war I, Gatsby enlisted equally a doughboy[a] in the American Expeditionary Forces.[29] During infantry grooming at Camp Taylor near Louisville, Kentucky, 27-year-former Gatsby met and fell deeply[f] in love with 18-twelvemonth-old debutante Daisy Fay.[g] [34] Dispatched to Europe, Gatsby attained the rank of Major in the U.Southward. 16th Infantry Regiment and garnered decorations for extraordinary valor during the Meuse–Argonne offensive in 1918.[35]

After the Centrolineal Powers signed an armistice with Imperial Frg, Gatsby resided in the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland in 1919 where he briefly attended Trinity College, Oxford.[h] [38] [39] While there, he received a alphabetic character from Daisy,[i] [42] informing him that she had married Thomas "Tom" Buchanan,[j] a wealthy Chicago businessman.[45] Gatsby hurriedly departed the United Kingdom and traveled across the Atlantic Ocean to Louisville, simply Daisy had already departed the city on her honeymoon.[46] Undaunted by Daisy's spousal relationship to Tom, Gatsby decided to go a homo of wealth and influence in order to win Daisy's affections.[47]

With dreams of amassing immense wealth, a penniless Gatsby settled in New York Urban center as it underwent the nascence pangs of the Jazz Historic period.[chiliad] It is speculated—just never confirmed—that Gatsby took reward of the newly enacted National Prohibition Act by making a fortune via bootlegging and congenital connections with organized crime figures such as Meyer Wolfsheim,[50] a Jewish gambler who purportedly fixed the Globe Serial in 1919.[54] [55]

In 1922,[56] Gatsby purchased an estate on Long Island in the nouveau riche area of West Egg,[yard] a boondocks on the opposite side of Manhasset Bay from "old money" East Egg, where Daisy, Tom, and their three-year-old daughter Pammy lived.[n] At his mansion, Gatsby hosted elaborate soirées with hot jazz music in an endeavour to attract Daisy equally a guest.[61] [62] With the assistance of Daisy'south cousin and bail salesman Nick Carraway,[61] Gatsby succeeded in seducing her.

Simply Gatsby, the man who gives his name to this book, was exempt from my reaction—Gatsby, who represented everything for which I accept an unaffected scorn. If personality is an unbroken series of successful gestures, then there was something gorgeous well-nigh him, some heightened sensitivity to the promises of life.... It was an extraordinary gift for hope, a romantic readiness such as I have never found in any other person and which it is not probable I shall ever discover again. No—Gatsby turned out all right at the finish; it is what preyed on Gatsby, what foul grit floated in the wake of his dreams....

— F. Scott Fitzgerald, Chapter I, The Great Gatsby [63]

Soon after, Gatsby accompanied Daisy and her husband to Midtown Manhattan in New York Urban center in the company of Carraway and Daisy's friend Jordan Baker.[o] Tom borrowed Gatsby's yellow Rolls-Royce to drive into the city. He detoured to a filling station in the "valley of ashes",[p] a sprawling refuse dump on Long Island.[71] The impoverished proprieter, George Wilson, voiced his concern that his married woman Myrtle was having an affair with some other man—unaware that Tom was the individual in question.[72]

At a hotel suite in the twenty-story Plaza Hotel, Tom confronted Gatsby over his ongoing affair with his wife in the presence of Daisy, Carraway, and Baker.[73] Gatsby urged Daisy to disavow her beloved for Tom and to declare that she had only married Tom for his money.[74] Daisy asserted that she loved both Tom and Gatsby.[75] Leaving the hotel, Daisy departed with Gatsby in his yellow Rolls-Royce while Tom departed in his car with Baker and Carraway.[76]

While driving Gatsby'south car on the return trip to East Egg, Daisy struck and killed—either intentionally or unintentionally—her husband's mistress Myrtle standing in the highway.[77] At Daisy'southward house in East Egg, Gatsby assured Daisy he would take the arraign if they were caught. The adjacent solar day, Tom informed George that information technology was Gatsby's auto that killed Myrtle.[78] Visiting Gatsby's mansion, George killed Gatsby with a revolver while he was relaxing in his swimming puddle then committed suicide by shooting himself with the revolver.[79]

Despite the many flappers and sheiks[q] who frequented Gatsby'south lavish parties on a weekly ground, only one reveler referred to as "Owl-Optics" attended Gatsby's funeral.[82] Also nowadays at the funeral were bond salesman Nick Carraway and Gatsby's father Henry C. Gatz who stated his pride in his son's accomplishment every bit a self-fabricated millionaire.[83]

Creation and formulation [edit]

A photograph of F. Scott Fitzgerald by Nickolas Muray. Fitzgerald is bent over a desk and is examining a sheaf of papers. He is wearing a light suit and a polka-dot tie. A white handkerchief is in his breast pocket.

A grainy surveillance photograph of Max Gerlach clandestinely taken by New York City police operatives. Gerlach appears blonde-haired and immaculately groomed. He is wearing a high starch collar and a large brown overcoat.

After the publication and commercial success of his debut novel This Side of Paradise in 1920, F. Scott Fitzgerald and his married woman Zelda Sayre[due south] relocated to a wealthy enclave on Long Isle near New York City.[88] Despite enjoying the exclusive Long Island milieu, Fitzgerald disapproved of the extravagant parties,[89] and the wealthy persons he encountered often disappointed him.[90] While striving to emulate the rich, he constitute their privileged lifestyle to be morally disquieting, and he felt repulsed past their devil-may-care indifference to less wealthy persons.[91] [92] Like Gatsby, Fitzgerald admired the rich, but he all the same harbored a deep resentment towards them.[92] [93] This recurrent theme is ascribable to Fitzgerald's life experiences in which he was "a poor boy in a rich town; a poor boy in a rich boy's school; a poor male child in a rich man's gild at Princeton."[94] He "sensed a corruption in the rich and mistrusted their might."[94] Consequently, he became a vocal critic of America'south leisure class and his works satirized their lives.[95] [96]

While living in a small cottage on Long Island in 1922, writer F. Scott Fitzgerald's enigmatic neighbor was Max Gerlach.[r] [1] [100] Purportedly born in America to a German immigrant family unit,[t] Gerlach had been an officer in the American Expeditionary Forces during Earth State of war I, and he later on became a gentleman bootlegger who lived like a millionaire in New York.[five] Flaunting his new wealth, Gerlach threw lavish parties,[6] never wore the aforementioned shirt twice,[7] used the phrase "old sport",[8] claimed to exist educated at Oxford University,[9] and fostered myths about himself, including that he was a relation of the German language Kaiser.[10] These details well-nigh Gerlach inspired Fitzgerald in his creation of Jay Gatsby.[102] With the stop of prohibition and the onset of the Great Low, Gerlach lost his immense wealth.[103] Living in reduced circumstances, he attempted suicide past shooting himself in the head in 1939.[103] Blinded after his suicide attempt, he lived every bit a helpless invalid for many years earlier dying on October 18, 1958, at Bellevue Hospital, New York City.[104] He was buried in a pine catafalque at Long Island National Cemetery.[104]

"They're a rotten crowd," I shouted across the lawn. "You're worth the whole damn bunch put together."

I've e'er been glad I said that. It was the only compliment I ever gave him, because I disapproved of him from get-go to cease.

— F. Scott Fitzgerald, Affiliate VIII, The Groovy Gatsby [105]

Mirroring Gerlach'southward background, Fitzgerald'southward fictional creation of James Gatz has a Germanic surname,[13] and the character'due south father adheres to Lutheranism.[three] These biographical details indicate Gatsby's family are recent High german immigrants.[13] Such origins preclude them from the status of Old Stock Americans.[xiii] Consequently, scholars have posited that Gatsby's socio-economic ascent is deemed a threat not only due to his status as nouveau riche, but because he is perceived equally an ethnic and societal outsider.[12] Tom Buchanan's hostility towards Gatsby, who is the embodiment of "latest America",[14] has been interpreted as partly embodying condition anxieties typical of the 1920s era, involving anti-immigrant sentiment.[fourteen] Accordingly, Gatsby—whom Tom belittles equally "Mr. Nobody from Nowhere"[106]—functions as a cipher because of his obscure origins, his unclear religio-indigenous identity and his indeterminate course condition.[11]

Due to Gatsby's nouveau riche groundwork and indeterminate course status, Fitzgerald viewed the graphic symbol to exist a contemporary Trimalchio,[u] the crude upstart in Petronius'due south Satyricon, and fifty-fifty refers to Gatsby as Trimalchio once in the novel.[108] Unlike Gatsby'southward spectacular parties, Trimalchio participated in the orgies he hosted, although the characters are otherwise like.[109] Intent on emphasizing the connection to Trimalchio, Fitzgerald entitled an earlier draft of the novel as Trimalchio in West Egg.[110]

Following The Great Gatsby 's publication in Apr 1925, Fitzgerald was dismayed that many literary critics misunderstood the novel,[111] and he resented the fact that they failed to perceive the many parallels between the author's ain life and his fictional graphic symbol of Jay Gatsby; in item, that both created a mythical version of themselves and attempted to live up to this legend.[112]

Gatsby as a reference betoken [edit]

A painting featuring the Statue of Liberty

The character of Jay Gatsby has become a cultural touchstone in 20th century America. Political commentator Chris Matthews views the character equally personifying the eternal American striver, albeit i is keenly aware that his nouveau riche status is a detriment: "Gatsby needed more than money: he needed to be someone who had e'er had it.... this blind faith that he can retrofit his very existence to Daisy's specifications is the heart and soul of The Dandy Gatsby. It'due south the classic story of the fresh start, the second hazard".[113] However, in contrast to Gatsby as "the eternal American striver", folklorist Richard Dorson sees Gatsby as a radically dissimilar American archetype who rejects the traditional approach to earning wealth via hard work in favor of quick riches via bootlegging.[114] In Dorson'southward view, Gatsby "has explicitly rejected the Protestant ethic in favor of a much more extravagant course of ambition".[114]

The graphic symbol is frequently evoked as an indicator of social mobility; in particular, the likelihood of the average American amassing wealth and achieving the American dream.[15] In 1970, scholar Roger L. Pearson traced the literary origins of this dream to Colonial America.[fifteen] The dream is the conventionalities that every individual, regardless of their origins, may seek and achieve their desired goals, "be they political, monetary, or social. It is the literary expression of the concept of America: The land of opportunity".[15] Pearson suggests Gatsby serves as a false prophet of the American dream, and pursuing the dream only results in dissatisfaction for those who chase it, owing to its unattainability.[16] In this context, the green lite emanating across the Long Island Sound from Gatsby'due south firm is interpreted equally a symbol of Gatsby's unrealizable goal to win Daisy and, consequently, to attain the American dream.[115] [116] Reporting in 2009 on the economic effects of the Great Recession on Long Isle—the fictional setting of Gatsby'due south mansion—The Wall Street Journal quoted a struggling hotelier equally proverb "Jay Gatsby is expressionless".[117]

The term "Gatsby" is also often used in the U.s. to refer to real-life figures who take reinvented themselves; in item, wealthy individuals whose rising to prominence involved an chemical element of charade or cocky-mythologizing. In a 1986 exposé on disgraced announcer R. Foster Winans who engaged in insider trading with stockbroker Peter Brant, the Seattle Post Intelligencer described Brant every bit "Winan's Gatsby".[118] Brant had inverse his name from Bornstein and said he was "a man who turned his back on his heritage and his family because he felt that being recognized as Jewish would be a detriment to his career".[118]

In more than recent years, Gatsby'south voracious pursuit of wealth has been referenced by scholars as exemplifying the perils of environmental destruction in pursuit of self-involvement.[119] According to scholars, Gatsby's quest for greater condition manifests every bit cocky-centered, anthropocentric resource acquisition.[119] Inspired by the predatory mining practices of his fictional mentor Dan Cody, Gatsby participates in extensive deforestation among World War I and then undertakes bootlegging activities reliant upon exploiting Southward American agriculture.[119] Gatsby conveniently ignores the wasteful devastation of the valley of ashes to pursue a consumerist lifestyle and exacerbates the wealth gap that became increasingly salient in 1920s America.[119] For these reasons, scholars argue that—while Gatsby's socioeconomic ascension and self-transformation depend upon these very factors—each i is nonetheless partially responsible for the ongoing ecological crisis.[119]

Musical leitmotif [edit]

Both the graphic symbol of Jay Gatsby and Fitzgerald'due south novel have been linked to composer George Gershwin'south 1924 song Rhapsody in Blue.[120] Equally early as 1927, writer F. Scott Fitzgerald opined that Rhapsody in Blue idealized the youthful zeitgeist of the Jazz Historic period.[121] In subsequent decades, both the latter era and Fitzgerald's literary works were often linked by critics and scholars with Gershwin's limerick.[122] In 1941, historian Peter Quennell opined that Fitzgerald'due south novel The Great Gatsby embodied "the sadness and the remote jauntiness of a Gershwin tune".[123]

Accordingly, Rhapsody in Blue was used equally a dramatic leitmotif for the character of Jay Gatsby in the 2013 pic The Swell Gatsby, the fourth cinematic adaptation of Fitzgerald's 1925 novel.[124] [125] Various writers such as the American playwright and critic Terry Teachout have likened Gershwin himself to the graphic symbol of Gatsby due to his endeavor to transcend his lower-class groundwork, his precipitous meteoric success, and his early on decease while in his thirties.[122]

Portrayals [edit]

Stage [edit]

The first individual to portray the role of Jay Gatsby was 37-year-old James Rennie, a stage histrion who headlined the 1926 Broadway adaptation of Fitzgerald'southward novel at the Ambassador Theatre in New York City.[17] As "a handsome Canadian with a good vocalism",[17] Rennie'due south portrayal of Gatsby was met with rave reviews from theater critics.[17] He repeated the part for 112 performances so paused when he had to voyage to England due to an ailing family unit member.[17] Later returning from England, he continued to appear as Gatsby when the stage play embarked upon a successful nation-wide bout.[17] As Fitzgerald was vacationing in Europe at the fourth dimension, he never saw the 1926 Broadway play,[17] just his agent Harold Ober sent him telegrams which quoted the many positive reviews of the product.[17]

Film [edit]

A number of actors subsequently portrayed Jay Gatsby in cinematic adaptations of Fitzgerald's novel. Warner Baxter played the role in the lost 1926 silent film.[eighteen] Although the picture show received mixed reviews,[126] Warner Baxter's portrayal of Gatsby was praised past several critics,[18] [126] although other critics institute his acting to be overshadowed by Lois Wilson as Daisy.[126] Purportedly, F. Scott Fitzgerald and his wife Zelda Sayre loathed the 1926 film adaptation of his novel and stormed out midway through a viewing of the film at a cinema.[127] "Nosotros saw The Neat Gatsby at the movies," Zelda wrote to an acquaintance in 1926, "information technology'south rotten and awful and terrible and we left".[127]

About a decade afterwards Fitzgerald's expiry by a middle attack in 1940, Gatsby was portrayed past Oklahoma actor Alan Ladd in the 1949 film accommodation.[128] Ladd'southward Gatsby was criticized by Bosley Crowther of The New York Times who felt that Ladd was overly solemn in the championship role and gave the impression of "a patient and saturnine fellow who is plagued past a drastic honey".[129] The film's producer Richard Maibaum claimed that he cast Ladd as Gatsby based on the role player'south rags-to-riches similarity to the character:

"I was in his business firm and he took me upwards to the second floor, where he had a wardrobe about as long as this room. He opened it upwardly and there must take been hundreds of suits, sport jackets, slacks and suits. He looked at me and said, 'Cracking for an Okie kid, eh?'... I remembered when Gatsby took Daisy to prove her his mansion, he besides showed her his wardrobe and said, 'I've got a man in England who buys me clothes. He sends over a selection of things at the beginning of each flavor, jump and fall.' I said to myself, 'My God, he is the Great Gatsby.'"[128]

In 1974, Robert Redford portrayed Gatsby in a picture show adaptation that year.[130] Film critic Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times believed that Redford was "besides substantial, too bodacious, even as well handsome" as Gatsby and would have been ameliorate suited in the role of antagonist Tom Buchanan.[131] Besides, flick critic Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune criticized Redford's interpretation of Gatsby every bit merely a "shallow pretty male child".[132] Siskel declared there was little resemblance between Redford's suave portrayal and the aggressive parvenu in the novel.[132]

In more contempo decades, Leonardo DiCaprio played the office in director Baz Luhrmann'due south 2013 film accommodation.[127] In a 2011 interview with Time magazine prior to the picture show's product, DiCaprio explained he was attracted to the role of Gatsby due to the thought of portraying "a man who came from admittedly zilch, who created himself solely from his own imagination. Gatsby'southward ane of those iconic characters because he tin can exist interpreted in so many ways: a hopeless romantic, a completely obsessed wacko or a dangerous gangster intent on clinging to wealth".[133]

Television [edit]

The character of Jay Gatsby has appeared many times in television adaptations. The starting time was in May 1955 equally an NBC episode for Robert Montgomery Presents starring Robert Montgomery as Gatsby.[134] In May 1958, CBS filmed the novel as an episode of Playhouse 90, also titled The Bang-up Gatsby, which starred l-year-old Robert Ryan every bit the 32-year-old Jay Gatsby.[135]

Toby Stephens later on portrayed the graphic symbol in a 2000 television moving-picture show accommodation.[136] In a 2001 review of the television moving-picture show, The New York Times criticized Stephens' performance as "so crude around the edges, then apparently an up-from-the-street poseur that no ane could fall for his stories for a second" and his "blunt functioning turns Gatsby'southward entrancing smile into a suspicious smirk".[137]

In The Simpsons episode "The Great Phatsby", Mr. Burns assumes Jay Gatsby's role,[138] with the storyline spoofing the 2013 moving picture accommodation.[139] In the Family Guy episode "High School English", Brian Griffin is portrayed equally Gatsby.

Radio [edit]

Kirk Douglas starred every bit Gatsby in an adaptation circulate on CBS Family unit Hour of Stars on Jan 1, 1950,[140] and Andrew Scott played Gatsby in the 2012 two-part BBC Radio 4 Archetype Serial production.[141]

List [edit]

Year Title Actor Format Distributor Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic
1926 The Great Gatsby James Rennie Stage Broadway (Ambassador Theatre) — —
1926 The Great Gatsby Warner Baxter Picture show Paramount Pictures 55% (22 reviews)[142] —
1949 The Bully Gatsby Alan Ladd Motion-picture show Paramount Pictures 33% (9 reviews)[143] —
1950 The Great Gatsby Kirk Douglas Radio CBS Family Hr of Stars — —
1955 The Swell Gatsby Robert Montgomery Tv NBC Robert Montgomery Presents — —
1958 The Keen Gatsby Robert Ryan Television CBS Playhouse 90 — —
1974 The Peachy Gatsby Robert Redford Pic Paramount Pictures 39% (36 reviews)[144] 43 (five reviews)[145]
2000 The Great Gatsby Toby Stephens Television set A&E Idiot box Networks — —
2012 The Great Gatsby Andrew Scott Radio BBC Radio 4 — —
2013 The Great Gatsby Leonardo DiCaprio Pic Paramount Pictures 48% (301 reviews)[146] 55 (45 reviews)[147]

See too [edit]

  • Gatsby (sandwich), a South African submarine sandwich named afterward the character
  • Corking Gatsby curve, a mensurate of economical inequality and social mobility
  • Adaptations and portrayals of F. Scott Fitzgerald

References [edit]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ a b A "doughboy" was a popular term for "an American infantryman in Globe War I".[28] The term's verbal provenance is unknown.
  2. ^ In 1920s slang, a "yachtsman" was a pop euphemism for a bootlegger as contraband alcohol was often imported via sailboat.[two]
  3. ^ Gatsby's nascence year is revealed based on his starting time meeting with Dan Cody. Fitzgerald writes that Dan Cody went to sea in 1902 and, five years later in 1907, Cody first encountered Gatsby in Niggling Girl Bay at Lake Superior.[nineteen] At the fourth dimension of this get-go come across, Gatsby was 17-years-old.[20] Consequently, Gatsby was born circa 1890 according to the novel's text.
  4. ^ Reflecting Gatsby'south Lutheran roots, his university St. Olaf College was founded in 1874 by Lutheran followers in southern Minnesota.
  5. ^ "Tuolomee" is an alternating spelling for the Tuolumne River which emerges from Sierra Nevada mountain range. Ostensibly, copper tycoon Dan Cody, who made his fortune in "the Nevada argent fields",[19] named his yacht afterwards the legendary river which was once rich in argent and copper ore.
  6. ^ Gatsby's honey for Daisy mirrors Fitzgerald's dearest for Ginevra King. Fitzgerald "was so smitten by King that for years he could not think of her without tears coming to his optics".[30]
  7. ^ a b Gatsby's pursuit of Daisy was inspired by Fitzgerald's life-long obsession with socialite Ginevra King.[31] [32] Equally Maureen Corrigan notes: "Because she's the ane who got away, Ginevra—more than Zelda—is the love who lodged like an irritant in Fitzgerald's imagination, producing the literary pearl that is Daisy Buchanan".[33]
  8. ^ After Earth War I, the U.South. military machine sent 2,000 American doughboys to report at Oxford University for four months.[36] After the state of war, Fitzgerald sojourned in Oxford in 1921.[37]
  9. ^ While Fitzgerald served in the United States Army, he received a letter from Ginevra King informing him that she had married Chicago businessman William "Bill" Mitchell.[40] Soon after, a heart-cleaved Fitzgerald married Zelda Sayre, a Southern belle.[41]
  10. ^ The novel's antagonist Thomas "Tom" Buchanan was primarily based upon William "Nib" Mitchell, the businessman who married Ginevra Male monarch, Fitzgerald'southward first love.[43] Mitchell was a Chicagoan who loved polo.[43] As well, similar Ginevra's male parent Charles Garfield Rex whom Fitzgerald resented, Buchanan is an imperious Yale man and polo player from Lake Forest, Illinois.[44]
  11. ^ After leaving the U.South. Army, Fitzgerald settled in New York City amid the ongoing societal transformation of the Jazz Age.[48] Fitzgerald described the era as racing "along under its own power, served by peachy filling stations full of money".[49] In Fitzgerald's eyes, the era was a morally permissive fourth dimension when Americans became disillusioned with prevailing norms and obsessed with hedonism.[50]
  12. ^ The fictional character of Meyer Wolfsheim is an allusion to existent-life Jewish gambler Arnold Rothstein,[51] a New York law-breaking kingpin whom Fitzgerald met once in undetermined circumstances.[52] Rothstein was blamed for match fixing in the Black Sox Scandal that tainted the 1919 World Series.[53]
  13. ^ The "new coin" peninsula of Due west Egg is an allusion to the Nifty Neck (Kings Point) region of Long Island, while the "old money" Eastward Egg refers to Port Washington (Sands Indicate).[57]
  14. ^ In 1922, Fitzgerald moved to Kings Point on Long Isle where his marriage began to disintegrate.[58] The quarrels between Fitzgerald and his wife Zelda grew intense,[58] and they remarked to friends that their marriage would not last much longer.[58] While staring across Long Isle Sound, Fitzgerald connected to long for Ginevra King and hoped to exist reunited with her.[59] He later confided to his daughter that Ginevra "was the start daughter I e'er loved" and that he "faithfully avoided seeing her" to "keep the illusion perfect".[60]
  15. ^ Fitzgerald based Hashemite kingdom of jordan Baker on Ginevra's friend Edith Cummings,[64] a golfer known in the printing every bit "The Fairway Flapper".[65] The grapheme'due south name is a play on two automobile brands, the Jordan Motor Car Visitor and the Baker Motor Vehicle,[66] alluding to Jordan'southward "fast" reputation and the new freedom presented to flappers in 1920s America.[67] [68] [69]
  16. ^ The "valley of ashes" was a landfill in Flushing Meadows, Queens. "In those empty spaces and graying heaps, part of which was known as the Corona Dumps, Fitzgerald found his perfect image for the callous and cruel expose of the incurably innocent Gatsby".[70] The landfill was drained and became the site of the 1939 World'due south Fair.[70]
  17. ^ A "sheik" referred to young men in the Jazz Age who imitated the appearance and dress of iconic film star Rudolph Valentino.[fourscore] The female equivalent of a "sheik" was called a "sheba".[81] Both "sheiks" and "shebas" were slightly older in age than the younger "flapper" generation who were children during World State of war I.[81]
  18. ^ a b Both Zelda Fitzgerald and F. Scott Fitzgerald'southward friend Edmund Wilson stated that Max Gerlach was a neighbor.[i] [97] Scholars take nonetheless to find surviving property records for a Long Island estate with Gerlach's name.[98] However, in that location are likely "gaps in the record of his addresses",[98] and an accurate reconstruction of Gerlach'due south life is hindered "by the imperfect state of relevant documentation".[99]
  19. ^ Zelda Sayre was the granddaughter of Confederate Senator Willis B. Machen.[84] Her male parent'due south uncle was John Tyler Morgan, a Confederate general in the American Civil War and the 2d Grand Dragon of the Ku Klux Klan in Alabama.[85] Her family owned the White House of the Confederacy.[86] According to Zelda's biographer Nancy Milford, "if there was a Confederate establishment in the Deep South, Zelda Sayre came from the heart of it".[87]
  20. ^ In a 2009 book, scholar Horst Kruse asserts that Max Gerlach was born in or about Berlin, Germany, and, as a young boy, he immigrated with his German parents to America.[101]
  21. ^ In 2002, over six decades later on Fitzgerald's death, his before draft of the at present-famous novel was published nether the championship Trimalchio: An Early on Version of The Peachy Gatsby.[107]

Citations [edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e Bruccoli 2002, p. 178: "Jay Gatsby was inspired in part by a local effigy, Max Gerlach. Near the cease of her life Zelda Fitzgerald said that Gatsby was based on 'a neighbor named Von Guerlach or something who was said to exist General Pershing'southward nephew and was in trouble over bootlegging'".
  2. ^ Kruse 2014, pp. 17–18, 43–44.
  3. ^ a b Fitzgerald 1925, p. 209; Slater 1973, p. 56.
  4. ^ a b Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 117–118: "Simply why these inventions were a source of satisfaction to James Gatz of North Dakota, isn't easy to say.... His parents were shiftless and unsuccessful farm people".
  5. ^ a b Kruse 2002, pp. 53–54, 47–48, 63–64.
  6. ^ a b Kruse 2014, p. 15.
  7. ^ a b Kruse 2002, p. 47.
  8. ^ a b Bruccoli 2002, p. 178.
  9. ^ a b Kruse 2014, pp. 38–39, 63–64.
  10. ^ a b Kruse 2002, p. 60.
  11. ^ a b Pekarofski 2012, p. 52.
  12. ^ a b Vogel 2015, p. 41.
  13. ^ a b c d Slater 1973, p. 56.
  14. ^ a b c d Vogel 2015, p. 45.
  15. ^ a b c d Pearson 1970, p. 638.
  16. ^ a b Pearson 1970, p. 645.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i Tredell 2007, p. 95.
  18. ^ a b c Green 1926.
  19. ^ a b c Fitzgerald 1925, p. 120.
  20. ^ a b c Fitzgerald 1925, p. 118.
  21. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, p. 209: "A little before three the Lutheran government minister arrived from Flushing, and I began to look involuntarily out the windows for other cars. So did Gatsby's father".
  22. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, p. 119: "An instinct toward his future glory had led him, some months before, to the modest Lutheran Higher of St. Olaf's".
  23. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, p. 119: "He stayed at that place two weeks, dismayed at its ferocious indifference to the drums of his destiny, to destiny itself, and despising the janitor'south piece of work with which he was to pay his way through".
  24. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, p. 120: "The none too savory ramifications by which Ella Kaye, the paper woman, played Madame de Maintenon to his weakness and sent him to bounding main in a yacht, were common belongings of the turgid journalism of 1902. He had been coasting forth all too hospital shores for five years when he turned upwards as James Gatz'southward destiny in Little Girl Bay".
  25. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, p. 118: "I suppose he'd had the name gear up for a long time, even and so.... He invented simply the sort of Jay Gatsby that a seventeen-yr-former boy would exist likely to invent, and to this formulation he was faithful to the end".
  26. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 118, 120–121.
  27. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, p. 121: "And information technology was from Cody that he inherited money—a legacy of 20-five thou dollars. He didn't get it. He never understood the legal device that was used against him, only what remained of the millions went intact to Ella Kaye".
  28. ^ Robbins & Chipman 2013, p. 255.
  29. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 79.
  30. ^ Noden 2003.
  31. ^ Smith 2003: Fitzgerald afterward confided to his girl that Ginevra King "was the first girl I ever loved" and that he "faithfully avoided seeing her" to "continue the illusion perfect".
  32. ^ Borrelli 2013.
  33. ^ Corrigan 2014, p. 58.
  34. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 177–179: "He found her excitingly desirable. He went to her house, at showtime with other officers from Army camp Taylor, then solitary.... I can't draw to you how surprised I was to observe out I loved her, old sport".
  35. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 57, 79–80, 180, 205.
  36. ^ American Academy in Europe 1921.
  37. ^ Kruse 2014, p. 50.
  38. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, p. 155: "Information technology was in nineteen-nineteen, I only stayed 5 months. That'south why I can't really phone call myself an Oxford man.... Information technology was an opportunity they gave to some of the officers subsequently the ceasefire".
  39. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, p. 180: "After the armistice he tried aimlessly to get home, simply some complexity or misunderstanding sent him to Oxford instead".
  40. ^ Due west 2005, p. 68.
  41. ^ West 2005, p. 73.
  42. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, p. 182: "The letter reached Gatsby while he was yet at Oxford".
  43. ^ a b Bruccoli 2000, pp. ix–11, 246; Bruccoli 2002, p. 86; West 2005, pp. 66–70.
  44. ^ West 2005, pp. 4, 57–59.
  45. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 91–94.
  46. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, p. 183.
  47. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, p. 178: "However glorious might exist his future every bit Jay Gatsby, he was at present a penniless beau without a past, and at any moment the invisible cloak of his compatible might sideslip from his shoulders. So he fabricated the almost of his time".
  48. ^ Turnbull 1962, pp. 92–93.
  49. ^ Fitzgerald 1945, p. xviii: "In any example, the Jazz Historic period now raced along under its ain ability, served by great filling stations total of money".
  50. ^ Fitzgerald 1945, p. 15: The Jazz Historic period represented "a whole race going hedonistic, deciding on pleasure".
  51. ^ Bruccoli 2000, p. 29; Mizener 1965, p. 186.
  52. ^ Bruccoli 2002, p. 179; Mizener 1965, p. 186.
  53. ^ Bruccoli 2000, p. 29.
  54. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 73, 88, 160–161, 205–207.
  55. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, p. 88: "Meyer Wolfsheim? No, he's a gambler." Gatsby hesitated, then added coolly: "He'southward the human who fixed the World'south Series back in 1919".
  56. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, p. 95: "He had waited five years [since 1917] and bought a mansion where he dispensed starlight to coincidental moths".
  57. ^ Bruccoli 2000, pp. 38–39.
  58. ^ a b c Turnbull 1962, p. 112.
  59. ^ Noden 2003; Corrigan 2014, p. 58.
  60. ^ Smith 2003; Borrelli 2013.
  61. ^ a b Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 94–96.
  62. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 60–61: "When the 'Jazz History of the World' was over, girls were putting their heads on men's shoulders in a puppyish, convivial means, girls were swooning backward playfully into men'south arms, fifty-fifty into groups, knowing that some one would abort their falls".
  63. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 2–3.
  64. ^ Bruccoli 2002, p. 211.
  65. ^ W 2005, pp. 57–59.
  66. ^ Whipple 2019, p. 85.
  67. ^ Fitzgerald 1991, p. 184. Editor Matthew J. Bruccoli notes: "This name combines two automobile makes: The sporty Jordan and the conservative Baker electric".
  68. ^ Tredell 2007, p. 124: An index note refers to Laurence Due east. MacPhee'south "The Great Gatsby's Romance of Motoring: Nick Carraway and Hashemite kingdom of jordan Baker", Modernistic Fiction Studies, 18 (Summertime 1972), pp. 207–12.
  69. ^ Fitzgerald 2006, p. 95; Fitzgerald 1997, p. 184
  70. ^ a b Lask 1971.
  71. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, p. 27.
  72. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 29–31.
  73. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 155–157.
  74. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 158–159.
  75. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, p. 159.
  76. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 162–163.
  77. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 172–174.
  78. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 214–216.
  79. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 194–197.
  80. ^ Savage 2007, pp. 206–207, 225–226.
  81. ^ a b Perrett 1982, pp. 151–152.
  82. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 209–211.
  83. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 207–211.
  84. ^ Milford 1970, pp. 3–4.
  85. ^ Davis 1924, pp. 45, 56, 59; Milford 1970, p. 5; Svrluga 2016.
  86. ^ Wagner-Martin 2004, p. 24.
  87. ^ Milford 1970, p. three.
  88. ^ Mizener 1965, p. 164.
  89. ^ Mizener 1965, pp. 135, 140.
  90. ^ Mizener 1965, pp. 140–41.
  91. ^ Mizener 1965, p. 140: Although Fitzgerald strove "to become member of the customs of the rich, to live from day to day as they did, to share their interests and tastes", he establish such a privileged lifestyle to exist morally disquieting.
  92. ^ a b Mizener 1965, p. 141: Fitzgerald "admired deeply the rich" and yet his wealthy friends often disappointed or repulsed him. Consequently, he harbored "the smouldering hatred of a peasant" towards the wealthy and their milieu.
  93. ^ Turnbull 1962, p. 150: According to Fitzgerald himself, he was unable "to forgive the rich for being rich, and it has colored my entire life and works."
  94. ^ a b Turnbull 1962, p. 150.
  95. ^ Van Allen 1934.
  96. ^ Berman 2014, p. 36: The Sabbatum Evening Mail and other magazines rejected several of Fitzegerald'south stories as they deemed them to be "baffling, blasphemous, or objectionably satiric about wealth".
  97. ^ Kruse 2014, pp. 13–14: Biographer Arthur Mizener wrote in a January 1951 letter to Max Gerlach that "Edmund Wilson, the literary critic, told me that Fitzgerald came to his house, apparently from yours [Gerlach's], and told him with great fascination well-nigh the life you were leading. Naturally, information technology fascinated him as all splendor did".
  98. ^ a b Kruse 2014, pp. 23–24.
  99. ^ Kruse 2014, p. 20.
  100. ^ Kruse 2002, p. 51.
  101. ^ Kruse 2014, pp. 6, 20.
  102. ^ Kruse 2002, pp. 45–83; Bruccoli 2002, p. 178.
  103. ^ a b Bruccoli 2002, p. 178; Kruse 2002, pp. 47–48; Kruse 2014, p. 15
  104. ^ a b Kruse 2014, p. 26.
  105. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, p. 185.
  106. ^ Vogel 2015, p. 40; Slater 1973, p. 54.
  107. ^ West 2002.
  108. ^ Fitzgerald 1991, p. 88, Chapter 7, opening sentence: "It was when marvel most Gatsby was at its highest that the lights in his house failed to go on one Saturday night—and, as obscurely as it had begun, his career as Trimalchio was over".
  109. ^ Fitzgerald 2000, pp. vii–viii: Tanner's introduction to the Penguin Books edition.
  110. ^ Hill, Burns & Shillingsburg 2002, p. 331.
  111. ^ Eble 1974, p. 37.
  112. ^ Kruse 2002, p. 75.
  113. ^ Matthews 2003, pp. 18–xix.
  114. ^ a b Dorson 1986, p. 76.
  115. ^ Rimer 2008.
  116. ^ Bewley 1954, pp. 235, 238: "For Gatsby, Daisy does not exist in herself. She is the green light that signals him into the heart of his ultimate vision... Thus the American dream, whose superstitious valuation of the future began in the past, gives the green lite through which alone the American returns to his traditional roots, paradoxically retreating into the blueprint of history while endeavoring to exploit the possibilities of the time to come".
  117. ^ Lagnado 2009.
  118. ^ a b Conant 1986.
  119. ^ a b c d e Keeler 2018, p. 174.
  120. ^ a b Teachout 1992; Bañagale 2014, pp. 156–157; Levy 2019; Mizener 1960; Fitzgerald 2004, p. 93
  121. ^ Fitzgerald 2004, p. 93.
  122. ^ a b Teachout 1992.
  123. ^ Mizener 1960.
  124. ^ Bañagale 2014, pp. 156–157.
  125. ^ Levy 2019.
  126. ^ a b c Tredell 2007, p. 97.
  127. ^ a b c Howell 2013.
  128. ^ a b McGilligan 1986, p. 280.
  129. ^ Crowther 1949.
  130. ^ Dixon 2003; Hischak 2012, pp. 85–86
  131. ^ Ebert 1974.
  132. ^ a b Siskel 1974.
  133. ^ Luscombe 2011.
  134. ^ Hyatt 2006, pp. 49–fifty.
  135. ^ Hischak 2012, pp. 85–86.
  136. ^ Howell 2013; Hischak 2012, pp. 85–86.
  137. ^ James 2001.
  138. ^ Perkins 2017.
  139. ^ Pearce 2017.
  140. ^ Pitts 1986, p. 127.
  141. ^ Forrest 2012.
  142. ^ Rotten Tomatoes: The Dandy Gatsby (1926).
  143. ^ Rotten Tomatoes: The Great Gatsby (1949).
  144. ^ Rotten Tomatoes: The Great Gatsby (1974).
  145. ^ Metacritic: The Great Gatsby (1974).
  146. ^ Rotten Tomatoes: The Dandy Gatsby (2013).
  147. ^ Metacritic: The Dandy Gatsby (2013).

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Did Gatsby Go To Oxford,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Gatsby#:~:text=After%20the%20Allied%20Powers%20signed,briefly%20attended%20Trinity%20College%2C%20Oxford.

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